Method and apparatus for securing a programmable device using a kill switch

ABSTRACT

A kill switch is provided that, when triggered, may cause the programmable logic device (PLD) to become at least partially reset, disabled, or both. The kill switch may be implemented as a fuse or a volatile battery-backed memory bit. When, for example, a security threat is detected, the switch may be blown, and a reconfiguration of the device initiated in order to zero or clear some or all of the memory and programmable logic of the PLD.

CROSS-REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS

This application is a continuation of U.S. patent application Ser. No.13/097,816, filed Apr. 29, 2011 know U.S. Pat. No. 8,461,863), thedisclosure of which is hereby incorporated by reference herein in itsentirety.

BACKGROUND OF THE DISCLOSURE

Programmable logic devices that store their configuration data in staticrandom access memory (“SRAM”) storage are prevalent. SRAM storage isvolatile; it does not retain its contents when power is lost. Therefore,programmable logic devices based on SRAM technology are used withnonvolatile storage, to retain the configuration programming data duringtimes that the device is switched of or otherwise not provided withpower. However, a competitor may monitor the data flowing out of thenonvolatile storage on power-up, and thereby determine the programmingconfiguration of the programmable logic device. Indeed, the competitorneed not even analyze the data stream, but need only record it and storeit in its own devices.

Some devices that store configuration programming data in nonvolatilememory components have security features (e.g., encryption/decryption)to protect sensitive data. Unfortunately, an unauthorized user maysometimes circumvent these security features and access the sensitiveinformation.

SUMMARY OF THE DISCLOSURE

The present disclosure relates to securing programmable devices (e.g.,programmable logic devices (PLDSs)) using a kill switch. A kill switchmay be implemented using, for example, a kill fuse, a non-volatilememory bit, or a volatile battery-backed memory bit. In response to adetected security threat, for example, the kill switch may be blown,causing at least part of the device to be reset, disabled, or both. Insome embodiments, the device's configuration circuitry and/or decryptioncircuitry is permanently disabled in response to a detected securitythreat.

In some embodiments, blowing the kill switch (i.e., switching the killswitch to a particular state) may cause a particular kill sequence toexecute. A kill sequence may be defined by a user design implemented inthe respective PLD. For example, for PLDs that store decryption keys, akill sequence may cause the keys to be cleared or zeroed. A killsequence may cause any configuration data stored in the PLDconfiguration memory (e.g., CRAM) to be removed as well as resettingsome or all of the logical connections in the PLD that implement acurrent user design. It will be understood that the kill sequence may atleast partially reset, clear, zeroize, disable, or both any suitableportion of the PLD. Multiple kill sequences may be defined and theparticular kill sequence executed may be based on the particular triggerassociated with each respective kill sequence.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

Further features of the disclosure, its nature and various advantageswill be apparent upon consideration of the following detaileddescription, taken in conjunction with the accompanying drawings, inwhich like reference characters refer to like parts throughout, and inwhich:

FIG. 1 is a block diagram of an illustrative programmable logic devicein accordance with some embodiments;

FIG. 2 is a block diagram of battery-powered volatile memory inaccordance with some embodiments;

FIG. 3 is a flow chart of illustrative steps of a device kill sequencein accordance with some embodiments; and

FIG. 4 is a block diagram of an illustrative system incorporating aprogrammable logic device in accordance with some embodiments.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION

FIG. 1 shows an illustrative programmable logic device (PLD) 100 as anexample of a programmable device in which the present disclosure may beimplemented. It will be understood that the present disclosure may beapplied to any suitable programmable device, including fieldprogrammable gate array (FPGA) devices or any other type of PLDs. PLD100 may include core configuration fabric 106, which may include anysuitable software, circuitry, or both for storing and implementing auser design in PLD 100. This may include, for example, any suitableprogrammable logic implemented using any suitable technology for memory(e.g., configuration RAM (CRAM)) and programmable logic (e.g., logicarray blocks), digital signal processing (DSP) circuitry with hard-wiredlogic (e.g., multiply-accumulate circuits), any other suitable hardware,software, or both, or any combination thereof. SRAM, for example may beused to store configuration data.

I/O circuitry 102 may include one or more ports that provide data input,output, or both for PLD 100. For example, I/O circuitry 102 may includeone or more JTAG ports and one or more ports made available forinputting programming object file (POF) bit-streams. I/O circuitry 102may be coupled to core configuration fabric 106, control block 108, toany other suitable component of PLD 106, or to any combination thereof.

Control block 108 may include any suitable software, circuitry or bothfor coordinating and controlling the configuration of PLD 100, and formaintaining security of PLD 100. Control block 108 may be coupled to I/Ocircuitry 102, kill switch 104, any other suitable component of PLD 100(e.g., core configuration fabric 106 or a component, such asprogrammable routing 110), or any combination thereof.

In some embodiments, in order to avoid unauthorized access or use of PLD100, such as access to the user design implemented in core configurationfabric 106 (and stored in memory 114 (e.g., CRAM)), PLD 100 may includesecurity features. For example, as Illustrated in FIG. 1, PLD 100 mayinclude security module 112. Security module 112 may be any suitablesoftware, hardware or both that implements security features preventingunauthorized use or access of PLD 100. Security module 112 may be, forexample, a user-designed component that is implemented in coreconfiguration fabric 106. Alternatively, security module 112 may be partof vendor-provided proprietary configuration data for variouscommonly-used functions that is either preloaded in PLD 100 by themanufacturer or loaded in PLD 100 by the user. Whether loaded by theuser or by the manufacturer, security module 112 may be customizable bythe user as part of, for example, the user design implementation. Asillustrated, security module 112 is part of core configuration fabric106. It will be understood that security module 112 may be implementedas part of any other suitable component of PLD 100, such as in controlblock 108, or may be a stand-alone component.

Security module 112 may allow the user to define a trigger that causes akill switch 104 to be activated. Kill switch 104 may be a non-volatileelement, mechanism, or both, or a volatile battery-backed element, fordisabling functionality of a programmable device. For example, in someembodiments, a user design, via security module 112, may be given thecapability to detect a security threat and to initiate a kill sequenceby activating kill switch 104. A security threat may be detected basedon any suitable criteria. Any of the kill switch 104 and the elements ofthe kill sequence (e.g., resetting, altering, clearing, zeroizing, etc.)may be user-programmable.

In one suitable approach, kill switch 104 may be at least partiallyimplemented using a physical kill fuse. A kill fuse may be any suitablefuse, such as an non-volatile (NV) fuse. In another approach, killswitch 104 may be at least partially implemented using a battery-backedvolatile memory. Kill switch 104 may create one or more necessaryconnections in order for PLD 100 to be configured, to be reconfigured,to properly function, or any combination thereof. For example, when PLD100 is in configuration mode, control block 108 (or any other suitablecomponent) may check kill switch 104 continuously to ensure that killswitch 104 has not been blown. If a blown kill switch 104 is detected,control block 108 may prevent any configuration or reconfiguration ofPLD 100. A blown kill switch 104 may also, or in the alternative, causeany suitable reset, clearing, or zeroization (i.e., clearing andverification of clearing) of certain or all memory and/or logiccomponents of PLD 100. For example, some or all of the contents ofmemory 114, which may hold user configuration data, may be removed,replaced with random data, or zeroed, to name a few.

PLD 100 may be killed (e.g., kill switch 104 blown) when, for example, asecurity threat is detected by a user design element of coreconfiguration fabric 106 (e.g., security module 112) or by control block108. For purposes of brevity and clarity and not by way of limitation,the present disclosure is described in terms of the security module 112detecting a security threat and blowing kill switch 104. It will beunderstood that any other suitable elements or combination of elementsmay detect a security threat and kill PLD 100.

In some embodiments, a programming object file (POF) bit-stream or anyother suitable configuration data used to configure or reconfigure PLD100 may be encrypted (e.g., using an AES encryption protocol). In orderto decrypt the configuration data, PLD 100 may use a decryption key. Asillustrated in FIG. 2, the decryption key may be stored in PLD 100 usingvolatile memory 200 coupled to battery 202. When PLD 100 is turned off,battery 202 prevents the contents of volatile memory 200 from beingerased. Volatile memory 200 may be implemented in control block 108, incore configuration fabric 106, in any other suitable element of PLD 100,or in any combination thereof. Volatile memory may be any suitablememory device, such as, for example, SRAM, DRAM, any other suitablevolatile memory, or any combination thereof.

In some embodiments, when security module 112 detects a threat andactivates kill switch 104, the subsequent kill sequence may involveclearing the contents of volatile memory 200. Thus, the decryption keymay be cleared or zeroed (i.e., memory content replaced with known andnon-classified content) upon the detection of a security threat. Thiswill prevent configuration or reconfiguration of PLD 100. A decryptionkey may also or alternatively be stored in non-volatile memory.

FIG. 3 shows a flow chart 300 of illustrative steps of a kill sequencein some embodiments. At step 332, security module 112 may detect asecurity threat that acts as a kill trigger. Any suitable criteria for asecurity threat may be used.

At step 304, in response to the detection of a kill trigger, securitymodule 112, control block 108, or both may zero or clear a volatiledecryption key stored in volatile memory (e.g., volatile memory 200). Itis appreciated that the terms clearing or zeroing content refer toreplacing the content with some other data, e.g., random data, knowndata, etc., other than the current data and not necessarily replacingthe current data with data value zero.

At step 306, in response to the detection of a kill trigger, securitymodule 112, control block 108, or both may blow kill switch 104.

At step 308, control block 108 may initiate reconfiguration of PLD 100.That is, PLD 100 is set to configuration mode (as opposed to user mode).As part of the reconfiguration sequence, control block 108 maycontinuously check kill switch 104. Under normal circumstance when nokill trigger has been detected and PLD 100 is in configuration mode,control block 108 may continue the normal configuration sequence inwhich configuration data is loaded from the POF bit-stream and coreconfiguration fabric is programmed according to the configuration data.

However, if, at step 310, kill switch 104 is determined to have beenblown, then control block 108 may clear core configuration fabric 106 atstep 312. This clearing may effectively initialize the configurationfabric to, for example, a default state (e.g., logic array blocks andcorresponding programmable connections in core configuration fabric 106may be initialized, memory 114 may be cleared, and any otherconfiguration data or user design data may be removed). Either as partof step 304, step 308, or step 312 (or as one or more separate steps),control block 108 may, in response to the kill trigger tri-state I/Ocircuitry 102 (or otherwise disable I/O circuitry 102), disable anyother suitable functionality of PLD 100, including, for example, anyconfiguration engine that may be used to configure the device. In someembodiments, a decryption engine included in PLD 100 is disabled inresponse to the kill trigger. One advantage of disabling the decryptionengine is that side-channel attacks on the decryption engine (such assimple power analysis (SPA) or differential power analysis (DPA) may beprevented, since such attacks typically require the decryption engine tobe exercised. In particular, even if the main power supply of PLD 100 isinterrupted before the volatile battery-backed key is fully cleared,disabling the decryption engine prevents an attacker from accessing thekey using side-channel attacks.

When kill switch 104 is blown or when a kill sequence (e.g., killsequence 300) is executed, PLD 100 may be permanently deactivated byvirtue of the terminated connection of kill switch 101, or disablementof other components or features of PLD 100. In some embodiments, PLD 100may be configured to allow a reset by an authorized user to befunctional even following the execution of a kill sequence (for example,when kill switch 104 is implemented as battery-backed volatile memory).In some such embodiments, kill switch 104 is implemented as a “stickybit,” which are discussed in detail below. To re-enable PLD 100 after avolatile kill switch is blown, the kill switch may be fully cleared.Data stored in the PLD 100, including the key, may also be cleared.

It will be understood that kill sequence 300 is merely illustrative. Anyother suitable steps may be performed in addition to or in place ofthose shown. Any suitable modifications may be made to kill sequence 300and it will be understood that the order presented is merelyillustrative. It will be further understood that PLD 100 may implementmultiple kill sequences each associated with a respective trigger.Therefore, different triggering events may cause one or more differentkill sequences to execute.

In some embodiments, fuse bits may be cleared as part of the killsequence by blowing corresponding fuses. For example, in some designs ofPLD 100, instead of using volatile decryption keys (i.e., stored involatile memory 200 (FIG. 2) powered by battery 202), one or more keysmay be stored using permanent fuse bits. When a security threat causes akill switch to be activated, as part of the kill sequence, some or allfuse bits may be permanently cleared by blowing the corresponding fusesthus removing any stored key value. Fuse key bits may also be clearedand verified upon detection of a security threat without blowing killswitch 104. In less critical threat scenarios, a user design in PLD 100may clear the fuse key bits, but not “kill” the entire PLD 100. Fusekeys may be used in place of volatile keys in situations where, forexample, operational conditions, product shelf-life, or maintenancerequirements would not accommodate the use of a battery and volatilememory to store keys. It will be understood that any suitable fuses maybe used in this approach (e.g., NV fuses). If desired, a verificationthat the fuse bits have been successfully cleared may be performed whenclearing any fuse bits (or when clearing any data from any components ofPLD 100 as part of the kill sequence) which may involve, for example,the use of built-in read back and verification routines. If the fusebits (or other data) was not successfully cleared, the clear andvertification routines may be repeated.

As discussed above, any suitable security threats may be identified andused to trigger the kill switch and associated kill sequence. In onesuitable approach, the use of security option bits representative ofparticular security threats may be used to identify a security threatand to trigger a device clear or kill sequence. The security option bitsmay take the form of, for example, sticky bits. Sticky bits may bestored in PLD 100 using volatile memory powered by a battery. Forexample, referring to FIG. 2, sticky bits may be stored in volatilememory 200, which is powered by battery 202. Sticky bits may be storedin control block 108 or in any other suitable component of PLD 100. Asdiscussed above, volatile memory 200 may also store a decryption keyassociated with PLD 100. It will be understood that sticky bits and keybits may be stored separately or together on the same or on differentmemory devices powered by the same or different batteries.

In one suitable approach, sticky bits may be stored in multiple copieson PLD 100 (e.g., in triplicate) and may be backed up using a shadowregister powered by core configuration fabric 106. If any of the stickybits are set high, the corresponding other bits would be forced high aswell. Cycling only one of the power supplies would restore the value inthe register that was cycled from a corresponding register that was notcycled.

Sticky bits may be used to set any of a multitude of security options.They may also be used to test whether particular security threats exist.For example, in one suitable approach, sticky bits stored in PLD 100 maybe compared to corresponding security option bits being transmitted inthe POF. Because the sticky bits stored in PLD 100 are of a fixedpattern (i.e., they cannot be modified except when reconfiguring PLD100), one suitable security threat check may involve comparing thesticky bit pattern to a security bit pattern in the POF. If there is amismatch, then the decryption key may be cleared or zeroed, or a devicekill sequence may be triggered.

In some embodiments, security option bits, such as sticky bits or bitsreceived from the POF, stored in PLD 100 may be checked or monitored toensure that their respective values have not been modified (e.g., asresult of radiation, a security threat, any other suitable cause, or anycombination thereof). If one or more of the security option bits storedin PLD 100 is determined to have been altered, then the decryption keymay be cleared or zeroed, or a device kill sequence may be triggered. Adetermination of whether any of the security option bits may have beenaltered may be made using any suitable technique, such as, for example,by computing a checksum (e.g., CRC) value and comparing it to a stored(i.e., expected) value.

Security option bits, including sticky bits, are further discussed inU.S. patent application Ser. Nos. 13/098,074 and 13/098,316 filed oneven date herewith and which are both hereby incorporated by referenceherein in their entireties.

In some embodiments, a volatile key (or any other type of key) may becleared or zeroed according to a particular time elapsing. For example,when programming the key, the user design may indicate that the volatilekey is to be automatically zeroed after a certain period of time fromthe programming of the key. The time may be determined from a real timeclock powered by a battery. This may prevent any subsequent attempts toreconfigure the PLD (e.g., if only a single configuration operation ofthe PLD is intended). The time may be calculated from any suitable startpoint and does not need to be from the time the key is initiallyprogrammed. For example, the zeroing may automatically occur after acertain period of time elapses since a security threat had beenidentified by security module 112, control block 108, or both.

A PLD 90 programmed according to any embodiment of the presentdisclosure may be used in many kinds of electronic devices. One possibleuse is in a data processing system 900 shown in FIG. 4. Data processingsystem 900 may include one or more of the following components: aprocessor 901; memory 902; I/O circuitry 903; and peripheral devices904. These components are coupled together by a system bus 905 and arepopulated on a circuit board 906 which is contained in an end-usersystem 907.

System 900 can be used in a wide variety of applications, such ascomputer networking, data networking, instrumentation, video processing,digital signal processing, or any other application where the advantageof using programmable or reprogrammable logic is desirable. PLD 90 canbe used to perform a variety of different logic functions. For example,PLD 90 can be configured as a processor or controller that works incooperation with processor 901. PLD 90 may also be used as an arbiterfor arbitrating access to a shared resources in system 900. In yetanother example, PLD 90 can be configured as an interface betweenprocessor 901 and one of the other components in system 900. It shouldbe noted that system 900 is only exemplary, and that the true scope andspirit of the disclosure should be indicated by the following claims.

Various technologies can be used to implement PLDs 90 as described aboveand incorporating this disclosure.

It will be understood that the foregoing is only illustrative of theprinciples of the invention, and that various modifications can be madeby those skilled in the art without departing from the scope and spiritof the invention. For example, the various elements of this inventioncan be provided on a PLD in any desired number and/or arrangement. Oneskilled in the art will appreciate that the present invention can bepracticed by other than the described embodiments, which are presentedfor purposes of illustration and not of limitation, and the presentinvention is limited only by the claims that follow.

What is claimed is:
 1. A programmable device, comprising: a controlblock; a kill switch coupled to the control block, wherein the controlblock is configured to blow the kill switch in response to an occurrenceof an event, wherein blowing the kill switch causes data stored withinat least a portion of the programmable device to be changed; and aplurality of key fuses for storing fuse bits representing a decryptionkey, wherein at least one of the key fuses is blown in response to thekill switch being blown.
 2. The programmable device of claim 1, whereinthe kill switch comprises a fuse.
 3. The programmable device of claim 1,wherein at least a portion of the programmable device is disabled inresponse to the kill switch being blown.
 4. The programmable device ofclaim 1, further comprising I/O circuitry, wherein the I/O circuitry isdisabled in response to the kill switch being blown.
 5. The programmabledevice of claim 1, further comprising decryption circuitry, wherein thedecryption circuitry is disabled in response to the kill switch beingblown.
 6. The programmable device of claim 1, further comprising: abattery; and volatile memory coupled to the battery for storing adecryption key, wherein data stored within the volatile memory ischanged in response to the kill switch being blown.
 7. A programmabledevice, comprising: I/O circuitry; a kill switch, wherein the killswitch is blown in response to an occurrence of an event, wherein theI/O circuitry is disabled in response to the kill switch being blown;and a plurality of key fuses for storing fuse bits representing adecryption key, wherein at least one of the key fuses is blown inresponse to the kill switch being blown.
 8. The programmable device ofclaim 7, wherein the kill switch comprises a fuse.
 9. The programmabledevice of claim 7, wherein at least a portion of the programmable deviceis disabled in response to the kill switch being blown.
 10. Theprogrammable device of claim 7, further comprising decryption circuitry,wherein the decryption circuitry is disabled in response to the killswitch being blown.
 11. The programmable device of claim 7, furthercomprising: a battery; and volatile memory coupled to the battery forstoring a decryption key, wherein data stored within the volatile memoryis changed in response to the kill switch being blown.
 12. Aprogrammable device, comprising: a memory component for storing adecryption key; a kill switch, wherein the kill switch is blown inresponse to an occurrence of an event, wherein the decryption key iscleared in response to the kill switch being blown; and a plurality ofkey fuses for storing fuse bits representing the decryption key, whereinat least one of the key fuses is blown in response to the kill switchbeing blown.
 13. The programmable device of claim 12, wherein the killswitch comprises a fuse.
 14. The programmable device of claim 12,wherein at least a portion of the programmable device is disabled inresponse to the kill switch being blown.
 15. The programmable device ofclaim 12, further comprising I/O circuitry, wherein the I/O circuitry isdisabled in response to the kill switch being blown.
 16. Theprogrammable device of claim 12, further comprising decryptioncircuitry, wherein the decryption circuitry is disabled in response tothe kill switch being blown.
 17. The programmable device of claim 12,further comprising a batter, wherein the memory component comprisesvolatile memory coupled to the battery, wherein data stored within thevolatile memory is changed in response to the kill switch being blown.